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Purpose: The present study aims to compare the results of the COVID-19 rapid antigen test (ExacTest™ COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test in samples of people suspected of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Materials and methods: Among the samples submitted between January 2022 and March 2022 with suspicion of COVID-19, 299 samples subject to simultaneous COVID-19 RADT (Rapid Antigen Detection Test) and RT- PCR were evaluated retrospectively. The Real-Time PCR test was studied with the DS CORONEX COVID-19 Multiplex Real time-qPCR Test Kit (DS Nano and Biotechnology Product Tracing and Tracking Co., Turkey) and the rapid antigen test was studied by the immunochromatographic method with ExacTest™ COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test Cassette kit (General Diagnostica inc., California, USA). Ag-RDT test results were evaluated with the fluorescent immunoassay analyzer (FIATEST Analyzer, Hangzhou Alltest Biotech Co., Ltd. China). Results: RT-PCR test was positive in 53 (17.7%) samples. The RADT's sensitivity was found 88.7 (95% Cl 77.0-95.7), specificity 98.0 (95% Cl 95.3-99.3), positive predictive value 90.4 (95% Cl 79.7-95.8), negative predictive value 97.6 (95% Cl 95.0-98.8), and accuracy 96.3 (95% Cl 93.5-98.2). Sample sensitivities of patients under and over 18 years of age have been identified as 75 (95% Cl 19.4-99.4) and 89.8 (95% Cl 77.8-96.6), respectively. The sensitivity of patients with and without symptoms was 95.5 (95% Cl 77.2-99.9) and 83.9 (95% Cl 66.3-94.6), respectively. For samples with a cycle threshold (Ct) of <20, 20-<25, 25-<30 and 30-<35, the concordance of testing was 100%, 92.9%, 78.9% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion: The rapid antigen kit studied complies with the use criteria recommended by the World Health Organization and is quite useful for the rapid diagnosis of symptomatic patients in COVID-19. © 2022, Pamukkale University. All rights reserved.
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Introduction In this study, we aimed to monitor anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies positivity in healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with two doses of inactivated CoronaVac (Sinovac, China) vaccine. Methods Overall, 242 volunteer HCWs were included. Of the participants, 193 were HCWs without history of prior documented COVID-19 (Group 1), while 49 had history of prior documented COVID-19 before vaccination (Group 2). The participants were followed up for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies positivity at four different blood sampling time points (immediately before the second vaccine dose and at the 1st, 3rd months and 141-150 days after the second dose). We investigated the serum IgG class antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD region and IgG class antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) method using commercial kits. Results We found positive serum anti-RBD IgG antibody in 76.4% of the participants (71% in Group 1;98% in Group 2) 28 days after the first dose. When the antibody levels of the groups were compared at the four blood sampling time points, Group 2 anti-RBD IgG levels were found to be significantly higher than those in Group 1 at all follow-up time points. Although anti-RBD IgG positivity persisted in 95.6% of all participants in the last blood sampling time point, a significant decrease was observed in antibody levels compared to the previous blood sampling time point. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibody was positive in 12 (6.2%) of participants in Group 1 and 32 (65.3%) in Group 2 at day 28 after the first dose. At the fourth blood sampling time point, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were found to be positive in a total of 20 (9.7%) subjects, 10 (6.1%) in Group 1 and 10 (23.8%) in Group 2. Conclusions In this study, it was determined that serum antibody levels decreased in both groups after the third month after the second dose in HCWs vaccinated with CoronaVac vaccine.Copyright © GERMS 2022.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many fundamental changes. Especially in the tourism sector, where people are in constant communication and interaction, negative effects have been seen excessively. This situation also affected tourism employees economically, psychologically, and physically. Therefore, this paper aims to reveal the relationship among resilience, perceived vulnerability, and mental health perceptions within the scope of hotel employees. The study examines the effects of psychological and employee resilience on hotel employees' mental health perceptions. In this context, "psychological resilience has a significant positive influence on hotel employees' mental health perceptions" and "employee resilience has a significant positive influence on hotel employees' mental health perceptions" have been developed. The study also examines the mediating role of perceived vulnerability in the effect of individual-level resilience on hotel employees' mental health perceptions. In this context, "perceived vulnerability mediates the effect of individual-level resilience on mental health perceptions" has been developed. In total, 391 questionnaire forms were analyzed using a structural equations model to test the hypotheses. The results show that hotel employees' psychological and employee resilience make their mental health perceptions more positive. Perceived vulnerability partially mediates the effect of individual-level resilience on mental health perceptions.
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This study aims to determine the relationships among students' self-learning capability, lecturers' teaching competencies, COVID-19 conditions, and students' learning outcomes during online teaching in tourism higher education. This study also investigates the role of distance education tools on the relationship between behavioral factors and learning outcomes. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, including an experimental design and a quantitative model. A qualitative experimental study to evaluate the students' attitudes and behaviors during distance education was followed by quantitative research. A hypothesized conceptual model was tested using structural equation modeling to analyze the relationships among the factor groups and the mediating role of distance learning tools. As a result, while "students' self-learning capabilities” and "lecturers' teaching competencies” had a positive impact on "students' learning outcomes”, "COVID-19 conditions” had a negative impact. All hypotheses were supported. © 2023 ICHRIE.
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Study Objective: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is the third most mortal disease after acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events. Ten percent of patients with pulmonary embolism also have deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Point-of-care compression ultrasound (PoCUS) is performed in the emergency room to detect the DVT of the patients, and doppler ultrasonography is performed by the radiology physicians. In addition to pulmonary computerized tomography (CT) angiography, lower extremity venography is also performed. Although contrast venography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of DVT, PoCUS is increasingly used in the emergency department (ED) for the evaluation of lower extremity DVT. In our study, we aimed to investigate whether lower extremity venography is necessary for patients with pulmonary embolism as it may pose a risk in terms of radiation and contrast material. Method(s): This research is a single-centered, cross-sectional, retrospective study that is conducted in a university hospital. Information about patients who were admitted to the ED between 1 March 2021 and 28 February 2022 and got diagnosed with pulmonary embolism was collected from the hospital database. Patients who were younger than eighteen years old, pregnant and who had not been scanned for PTE were excluded. The primary outcome was to determine the necessity of lower extremity CT venography for PTE. The secondary outcome was to determine the mortality and morbidity of the patients and the factors that affect those rates Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. 54.5% of the patients were female (n=109). The median age of the patients was 74.50 [63.25-82.00]. Eight (4.0%) of the patients died in the emergency department. Twenty-one (10.5%) patients were discharged due to low risk. Of the 171 hospitalized patients, 54 (31.6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. While 143 of the hospitalized patients were discharged, 28 (16.4%) died in the hospital. Since the study covered the COVID-19 pandemic period, 26 patients had COVID-19 PCR positivity. DVT was detected in 32 (16.0%) of the patients who underwent CT in the emergency department. Since the arrival in the emergency department, 164 of the patients were discharged and 36 of them died. According to survivor and non-survivor patients, median age, gender, clinical suspicion of DVT (Wells score and PoCUS), Wells pre-test risk score groups, PTE localization on CT, DVT finding on CT, treatment, hospitalization, COVID-19 positivity, length of hospital stay and D-Dimer levels are shown in Table 1. Patients diagnosed with PTE in the emergency department according to DVT are shown in Table 2. Conclusion(s): The diagnostic value of PoCUS performed in the ED was found to be high in our study. It shows us that CT venography used in the diagnosis of PTE can be replaced by PoCUS, which is cheaper, has less risk of contrast allergy and has a low radiation rate. However, there is a need for more studies on this subject because the presence of DVT was missed with POCUS in patients with a mortal course. No, authors do not have interests to disclose [Formula presented] [Formula presented] Copyright © 2022
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Due to the lockdown measures and severe restrictions taken to reduce COVID-19 transmission, which has globally been inflicted on people since March 2020, a new type of education in the form of online homeschooling has brought the role of parents to the forefront. Using online semi-structured interviews, this study aimed to investigate parents' views on the implementation of distance education during COVID-19 in Istanbul, Turkey. The data obtained from parents with different socioeconomic backgrounds and whose children were at public and private schools were coded using initial, process, and emotion qualitative coding techniques. The data were categorized into three main themes: beginning of distance education, process of distance education, and outcomes of distance education. The beginning theme was further analyzed under three subcategories: problems related to the child, problems related to parents, and problems related to public schools. The problems encountered during the process of distance education were investigated under three subheadings: problems related to the child's academic and social life, problems related to parents, and problems related to parent-child relationships. Data under the main theme, outcomes of distance education, were defined as positive or negative outcomes in terms of the child and parents. Results revealed that at the beginning of the process, during the process, and during the outcomes of distance education, parents experienced problems with digital technology, the new education model, teachers, themselves, and their children, as well as economic, social, and psychological problems. Parents also had various constructive suggestions about distance education during COVID-19.
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With COVID-19, increased vehicle use for recreational purposes was observed. This study examines monthly changes in the number of transportation vehicles to a recreation area between 2018- 2019, compared to 2020 in Turkey. Also, based on 17 weeks of data between 1 June-27 September 2020, causality relationships were investigated between the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths and the number of vehicle entries to the recreation area using digital card payment. According to the results, in 2018-2019, a similar seasonal trend was observed in the total number of vehicles. However, the number doubled at the end of 2020. Also, results showed a causal relationship between the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 and the number of vehicles entering the forest recreation area. However, there was no relationship observed between the number of COVID-19 cases and the number of vehicles. Furthermore, a causal relationship was found between the number of times the digital card was used to pay fees and the number of cases, but not the number of deaths. Therefore, a general evaluation results of the study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic affected activity in the forest recreation area, and thus, it should be considered a factor in transportation management.
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Renal colic cases, which have an important place among patients presenting to the emergency department with pain complaints, have an important place in urological emergencies. In this study, patients who applied to the emergency department with suspected renal colic diagnosis during the Covid-19 pandemic were compared with those in the pre-pandemic period. Patients who applied to the Emergency Department with the colic type flank pain between March 2020 and May 2020 were included in the study. Diagnostic and treatment parameters of 1699 patients, inclu ding 199 pandemic and 1500 pre-pandemic control group, were evaluated in this study. As a result of the evaluation made, it was seen that emergency physicians preferred ultrasonography less during the pandemic period, and mostly resorted to computer tomography method, and in this period, a decrease in the rate of observed kidney stones, an increase ureter stones were observed. During the pandemic period, there has been a considerable decrease in the rate of hospital admissions As a result of postponing treatment of patients with urinary system stones, secondary pyonephrosis and pyelonephritis rates increased approximately 10 times compared to the pre-pandemic period. Copyright © 2022, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of cognitive and affective risk perceptions that the employees perceive due to COVID-19 on their well-being. Another purpose is to reveal the mediating role of understanding of COVID-19 in the impact of the risk perceptions perceived by the employees due to COVID-19 on their well-being. The data of the study were collected between December 15, 2020 and February 15, 2021. It was found that cognitive and affective risk perceptions caused by COVID-19 significantly and negatively affected the well-being of the employees. © 2021, IGI Global.
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The tourism sector has been deeply affected particularly in economic terms by the COVID-19 pandemic. This crisis has led to new practices and radical changes. Scientists emphasize that mankind will face pandemics more frequently in the forthcoming years. Thus, it is important to understand the negative impacts the COVID-19 pandemic had on the tourism sector as well as the measures that were and are being put in place to protect the industry during future outbreaks. The Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry is a comprehensive reference source that reflects upon the evaluations of the experienced and ongoing pandemic crisis in the context of the tourism sector. The positive and negative effects experienced by tourism employees and tourists are examined, and post-pandemic processes and business practices are evaluated. Covering topics including consumer rights in tourism, dynamic changes in the tourism industry, and employment in tourism, this book is suitable for travel agencies, restaurateurs, hotel managers, brand managers, marketers, advertisers, managers, executives, hospitality personnel, policymakers, government officials, tourism practitioners, students, academicians, and researchers seeking the latest sustainable policies and practices that are being utilized to increase the productivity of the tourism sector and will allow it to thrive in the years to come. © 2021 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
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Due to the lockdown measures and severe restrictions taken to reduce COVID-19 transmission, which has globally been inflicted on people since March 2020, a new type of education in the form of online homeschooling has brought the role of parents to the forefront. Using online semi-structured interviews, this study aimed to investigate parents’ views on the implementation of distance education during COVID-19 in Istanbul, Turkey. The data obtained from parents with different socioeconomic backgrounds and whose children were at public and private schools were coded using initial, process, and emotion qualitative coding techniques. The data were categorized into three main themes: beginning of distance education, process of distance education, and outcomes of distance education. The beginning theme was further analyzed under three subcategories: problems related to the child, problems related to parents, and problems related to public schools. The problems encountered during the process of distance education were investigated under three subheadings: problems related to the child’s academic and social life, problems related to parents, and problems related to parent–child relationships. Data under the main theme, outcomes of distance education, were defined as positive or negative outcomes in terms of the child and parents. Results revealed that at the beginning of the process, during the process, and during the outcomes of distance education, parents experienced problems with digital technology, the new education model, teachers, themselves, and their children, as well as economic, social, and psychological problems. Parents also had various constructive suggestions about distance education during COVID-19 © 2022, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning.All Rights Reserved.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could emerge not only as viral pneumonia but also as a cardiovascular disease. Thromboprophylaxis has been recommended by the current guidelines, especially COVID-19 patients who are hospitalized. On the other hand, these drugs might cause serious bleeding complications. Hereby, we aimed to report three cases with spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) developed after being administered thromboprophylaxis for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. In this case series, we draw attention to the rare, but mortal complication of the COVID-19 thromboprophylaxis regimen.
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Background: Although appendicitis is the most common emergency abdominal surgical pathology in the pediatric age group, there are a limited number of publications in the literature on how appendicitis has affected patients during the COVID-19 pan-demic. Objectives: This study examined the effects of fear of being infected with COVID-19 and isolation measures on complications and morbidity in pediatric appendicitis cases. Methods: This study was performed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences University, , Si , sli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Patients aged 18 years and younger who were operated on for appendicitis between 11 March 2019 and 11 May 2019 were classified as group 1, and patients aged 18 years and younger who were operated on for appendicitis between 11 March 2020 and 11 May 2020 (during the pandemic) were classified as group 2. Both groups were compared in terms of age, gender, symptoms, duration of symptoms, surgical method, duration of operation, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Results: There were 85 patients in group 1 and 49 in group 2. The mean age was 11.5 +/- 3.5 years in group 1 and 12.2 +/- 3.0 years in group 2. While the mean hospital admission time for group 1 was 52.2 +/- 38.5 hours, it was 50.2 +/- 40.0 hours for group 2. The complicated appendicitis rates were 37% and 25% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. In group 1, 94.1% of the operations were completed laparoscopically, whereas, in group 2, this rate was 88.6%. The mean operation time was 64.0 +/- 24.4 minutes in group 1 and 69.0 +/- 33.0 minutes in group 2. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.9 +/- 2.0 days in group 1 and 3.1 +/- 3.40 days in group 2. The complication rate was 8.2% in group 1 and 11.4% in group 2. Conclusions: Despite the isolation measures and the risk of virus transmission, the psychosocial effects of the pandemic did not prevent real emergency cases with appendicitis from visiting hospitals.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Haemodialysis (HD) patients are at increased risk for adverse short-term consequences of COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of chronic HD patients in the post-COVID-19 period and compared them with the control group. METHOD: We conducted a national multicentre observational study involving adult chronic HD patients recovering from COVID-19. The control HD group was selected from patients with similar characteristics who did not have COVID-19 in the same center. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative patients and patients in the active period of COVID-19 were not included. RESULTS: A total of 1223 patients (635 COVID-19 groups, 588 control groups) were included in the study from the data collected from 47 centres between 21 April 2021 and 11 June 2021. The patients' baseline demographics, comorbidities, medications, HD characteristics and basic laboratory tests were quite similar between the groups (Table 1). 28th-day mortality and between 28th day and 90th day mortality were higher in the COVID-19 group than in the control group [19 (3.0%) patients and 0 (0%) patients;15 (2.4%) patients and 4 (0.7%) patients, respectively]. Presence of respiratory symptoms, rehospitalization, need for home oxygen therapy, lower respiratory tract infection and A-V fistula thrombosis were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group in the first 28 days of illness and between 28 and 90 days. Mortality was significantly associated with preexisting COVID-19, age, current smoking, use of tunneled HD catheter, persistence of respiratory symptoms, rehospitalization, need for home oxygen support, presence of lower respiratory tract infection within 28 days and persistence of respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION: In the post-COVID-19 period, mortality, rehospitalization, respiratory problems and vascular access problems are higher in maintenance HD patients who have had COVID-19 compared to control HD patients. (Table Presented).
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Background: Although there is not enough data on pneumococcal vaccination status in patients with cardiovascular disease and or risk factors in our country, it is known that vaccination rates are quite low in the current data. Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the awareness of pneumococcal vaccination (PCV13, PPSV23) in general cardiology outpatient clinics and impact of physician's recommendation (with educational brochures) on vaccination rate. Methods: Awareness of vaccination, before COVID-19 pandemic, was measured in patients admitting to cardiology outpatient clinics from 40 center of our country by a questionnaire contained 19 questions. The demographics (including gender, age, educational level, awareness vaccination level) and comorbidities were obtained. The vaccination rates were calculated within 3-months follow-up from the admitting of patient to cardiology clinics. Results: The 403 (18.2%) of patients with previous pneumococcal vaccination were excluded from the study. The mean age of study population (n=1808) was 61.9±12.1 years and 55.4% were male. The 58.7% had coronary artery disease, hypertension (74.1%) was the most common risk factor and 32.7% of the patients had never been vaccinated although they had information about vaccination before. The 98.5% were referred to family medicine (n=1412, 78.1%) or vaccination outpatient clinics (n=370, 20.5%) and the vaccination rate was 62.1% during the follow-up period. The differences between vaccinated and not-vaccinated patients are presented in Table 1. The physician's recommendation was positively correlated with vaccination intention and behavior in our participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant between vaccination and female sex [OR=1.55 (95% CI=1.25-1.92), p<0.001], higher education level [OR=1.49 (95% CI=1.15-1.92), p=0.002] patients' knowledge [OR=1.93 (95% CI=1.56-2.40), p<0.001], and their physician's recommendation [OR=5.12 (95% CI=1.92-13.68), p=0.001]. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first report about the awareness pneumococcal vaccination rates and impact of physician's recommendation in patients with cardiovascular disease by high study population. These findings suggest providing information on the benefits of vaccination by physician's and educational advice was significantly associated with an increase vaccination rate and have a key role. (Table Presented).
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Introduction: Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy experience a serious problem at a time when the rates of outpatient visits for the international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring are gradually decreasing owing to the risk of virus transmission during the pandemic. The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate how the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic affected the time in therapeutic range (TTR) value, which shows the use of effective doses of warfarin, and its monitoring in patients using warfarin. Materials and Methods: A total of 158 patients with 3 consecutive prepandemic INR levels and at least 3 postpandemic INR levels without time limitation were retrospectively evaluated. TTR values were calculated and the preepidemic and postepidemic values were compared. TTR was obtained using the conventional method. Results: The mean preepidemic and postepidemic TTR values were found to be 64.4 (61.8%-67.0%) and 34.9 (30.8%-39.0%), respectively. TTR rate was statistically significantly lower in the postpandemic period than in the prepandemic period (P < 0.001). While the prepandemic TTR of 68 (43%) patients was <60, the postpandemic TTR of 125 (79%) patients was <60. Discussion and Conclusion: Patients using warfarin were found to have lower TTR values during the pandemic. One of the most important reasons for this result is patients' delayed admission to the hospital due to fear of infection. The importance of regular follow-ups and alternative solutions should be emphasized for the effective treatment of these patients.
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Severe COVID-19 is linked to both dysfunctional immune response and unrestrained immunopathology, and it remains unclear whether T cells contribute to disease pathology. Here, we combined single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics with mechanistic studies to assess pathogenic T cell functions and inducing signals. We identified highly activated CD16(+) T cells with increased cytotoxic functions in severe COVID-19. CD16 expression enabled immune-complex-mediated, T cell receptor-independent degranulation and cytotoxicity not found in other diseases. CD16(+) T cells from COVID-19 patients promoted microvascular endothelial cell injury and release of neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants. CD16(+) T cell clones persisted beyond acute disease maintaining their cytotoxic phenotype. Increased generation of C3a in severe COVID-19 induced activated CD16(+) cytotoxic T cells. Proportions of activated CD16(+) T cells and plasma levels of complement proteins upstream of C3a were associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, supporting a pathological role of exacerbated cytotoxicity and complement activation in COVID-19.
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The Covid-19 virus has made a major impact on the world and is still spreading rapidly. A reliable solution to prevent further damage, early diagnosis of coronavirus patients are incredibly important. While chest X-Ray diagnosis is the easiest and fastest solution for this, an average radiologist has only a 75% to 85% accuracy when evaluating X-Ray data, thus it is desirable to achieve an accurate artificial network for this. Throughout this study, chest X-Ray data and blood routine test data are utilised and compared. X-Ray data consists of 5000 chest X-Ray images which are gathered from an open-source research and from a local hospital in which both have anonymous data. The blood test results were also taken from the same hospital. For the chest X-Ray diagnosis we utilised two of the popular convolutional neural networks, which are Resnet18 and Squeezenet and concluded that Resnet18 provided slightly more accurate results, while both having almost 98% accuracy. For blood test diagnosis, a feed-forward multi layer neural network was used. Even though it was worked on an insufficient dataset, 72% accuracy was obtained, thus making it a feasible option for further research. Hence, we concluded that in general chest X-Ray diagnosis is preferable over routine blood test diagnosis and the usage of AI yields better approximate results than humans. © 2021 IEEE
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The COVID-19 affects both people’s health and socio-economic structures around the world. Measures were adopted to contain the pandemic suppressed economic activity, leading to stagnation and contraction. Such contractions impacted on employment;losing jobs and income levels turned the contractions into severe fiscal and economic crisis. The study examines the effects of the pandemic on socio-economic structures and the effectiveness of public policies. It reveals that some countries successfully managed the pandemic while others lead to deepen its negative effects. Social and economic policies that were decisive in successes and failures are examined through comparative descriptive analyses within a framework in each chapter. This study is hoped to serve as a guide for policy-makers in such circumstances. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2021.
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The outbreak, which was mostly regional and had limited effects at the beginning, soon became a pandemic on a global scale, affecting the entire world. The fact that COVID-19 has been a global pandemic, without a doubt, caused its social and economic outcomes to also be experienced on a global scale. The fact that the pandemic has been threatening public health, as well as economic systems and functions, has made it difficult to fight it, making it a requirement to adopt public policies. Public policies and policy tools determined by the public have been the main driver of the response against the pandemic in almost every country. The success of measures adopted to combat the pandemic has been an area widely discussed recently. Similar measures in many countries have differed significantly. While some countries have been able to prevent deepening the crisis by managing the pandemic successfully, others have not been able to succeed despite adopting the same public policies, deepening the crisis. This study evaluates the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzed the fiscal policies adopted in China, the US, Germany, the UK, Turkey, and Spain to counter the pandemic and the effectiveness of these policies. © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2021.